2011年12月31日 星期六

南非德班氣候會議與京都議定書

http://newtalk.tw/news_read.php?oid=19865

京都議定書存廢 各國抱持不同看法 ----2011.11.29 孔德廉/綜合報導

聯合國氣候會議於南非當地時間28日正式在德班登場,會議將針對《京都議定書》的存廢做討論,各國也積極避免重蹈2009年哥本哈根會議的覆轍。但根據加拿大電視公司(CTV)報導,加國將會在12月正式退出協議書,讓此次會議再次蒙上更大的陰影。

根據《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》執行秘書克里斯蒂娜‧菲格雷斯表示,此次會議最重要的議題還是圍繞在《京都議定書》(Kyoto Protocol)的存廢,及「綠色氣候基金」(Green Climate Fund)的推動上。因為《京都議定書》的第一承諾期將於明年到期,屆時將沒有明確的法律規範各國的碳排放量。

而2010年坎昆大會中所提出的「綠色氣候基金」也是此次會議的重點之一。根據規定,已開發國家首先必須提供300億美元的快速啟動資金;接著在2020年前,每年向容易受到旱災、洪水、暴風雨與海水上升影響的國家,提供多達1000億美元資金,並提供技術支援。

但目前為止,各國在綠色氣候基金運作上也並不積極,因為在歐美債務危機陰影下,各國亦不願訂出更嚴厲的減排目標,更遑論向開發中國家提供援助與技術轉移。

而已開發國家和開發中國家針對《京都議定書》第二期承諾存續的看法也相當分歧;其中,包含中國在內的開發中國家普遍要求保留第二期承諾,日本、加拿大、俄羅斯等部分已開發國家卻拒絕這一提議。根據加拿大電視公司(CTV)報導,加拿大更會在12月正式退出協議書。

加拿大環境部長肯特(Peter Kent)表示,加拿大不會承諾第二期議定書。他要求提出「新國際協議」,納入所有主要碳排國。美國方面也希望等到《京都議定書》明年屆滿後,站在已開發國家的立場上,以新框架協議取代。

在外界普遍對這次會議抱持悲觀看法下,聯合國秘書長潘基文在談及德班大會時強調,「本次會議必須落實坎昆所達成的共識,不能承受拖延,不能讓最窮者和最易受損者來承受代價。」

《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》執行秘書克里斯蒂娜‧菲格雷斯也呼籲與會各國要盡快進行「建設性的磋商」,以順利推動兩項重要目標。

http://newtalk.tw/news_read.php?oid=20244

氣候會議爭吵下落幕 2015路線圖終通過

011.12.11 楊宗興/綜合外電

在南非德班召開的《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》第17次締約方會議於當地時間11日清晨落幕,雖然印度和中國在會議上,針對歐洲支持的遏止溫室效應氣體「路線圖」,與歐洲各國激烈較勁,但最後還是在延長會議的談判中妥協,讓大會通過這份歐盟支持的「路線圖」,為本屆大會畫下句點。

根據「路線圖」內容,預計由2015年開始施行較為嚴格的遏止溫室氣體排放標準,並且將先前京都議定書僅規範已開發國家的減排標準,一體適用至開發中國家,明訂各國的減排比例。

此外,大會還宣布,繼續《京都議定書》第二承諾期,並於2013年開始實施,避免了《議定書》第一承諾期結束後出現空當。會議還決定正式啟動綠色氣候基金,並成立了綠色氣候基金管理框架。另外,大會還對適應、減緩、技術轉移等問題作了安排。

本次大會主席、南非外長恩柯納-馬薩班(Maite Nkoana-Mashabane)表示,在延長會的時間裡,194國與會代表為遏止全球溫室氣體的努力,向前邁出了一大步。她強調,在德班的氣候變遷大會上,「並未聽到反對聲音,於是通過本案」,這具有「里程碑」的重大意義。

據外電報導,歐盟從談判一開始就提出所謂「路線圖」計劃,提出有條件簽署《議定書》第二承諾期,要求在2015年前制定涵蓋主要經濟體的新法律框架,並於2020年實施。美國則稱只有主要經濟體都加入量化減排協議之後,美國才會加入。日本、加拿大、俄羅斯等國在會談前就明確提出不加入《議定書》第二承諾期。而包括中國在內的廣大發展中國家堅持雙軌制,堅持《議定書》與《議定書》第二承諾期。

http://newtalk.tw/blog_read.php?oid=4691

德班 聯合國氣候會議 COP17- UNFCCC - 多國爭議 立場分歧

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聯合國氣候會議 在南非德班 進行 Durban, South Africa,
本周末結束
談判過程 仍然是有多國爭議 ,立場分歧
第17屆- 聯合國氣候變化綱要公約 會議 UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Nov. 28 - Dec. 9, 2011

COP 17 - Conference of the Parties, 17th session

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英國衛報 新聞報導 The Guardian

新聞標題: " 德班氣候會議僵持不下 談判被迫延長"



(Durban climate conference stalemate pushes talks into extra time - 星期六 2011-12-10)











http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/dec/10/durban-un-climate-change-conference?intcmp=239





Durban climate conference stalemate pushes talks into extra time





By John Vidal and Fiona HarveySaturday 10 December 2011

China, Inida, Africa, and the EU were at loggerheads on Friday night, pushing UN climate talks into extra time on Saturday as 194 countries attempted to reach a global deal to prevent dangerous global warming.

There were signs of movement on all sides, according to people in the talks in Durban, with compromises possible but no final breakthrough. Some long-standing rifts between the developing and developed countries, and between the EU and the US, appeared bridged.

A new text, seen by the Guardian, was introduced at midnight and went some way to easing the fears of developing countries that rich countries could wriggle out of their obligations.

Governments are wrangling over what form any future agreement on global warming should take, following a disappointingly weak agreement in Copenhagen in 2009 and slow progress at Cancun last year.

Also at stake in Durban was the future of the Kyoto protocol, the only existing legal treaty forcing rich countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. If the talks collapse, the protocol will be in effect dead after its current provisions expire at the end of next year.

Discord was in the air as some nations wanted to strengthen the proposals while others wanted to keep them vague. An early draft was slammed by China's chief negotiator, Su Wei, and by Seyni Nato, spokesman for the Africa group at the talks, who both said they feared it could mean the end of the Kyoto protocol.

Su told the Guardian: "The G77 [group of more than 100 developing countries] could not take this [proposal] as the basis for discussion. This is killing the Kyoto protocol. They want to finish the Kyoto protocol."

The EU on Friday night said it was committed to continuing the Kyoto protocol beyond 2012. However, as the price of this offer, it wanted China and other nations to agree a "roadmap" that would see negotiations begin immediately with a view to completing a new treaty by 2015 to come into force in 2020. The EU also wants any such new agreement to be legally binding, though other countries want a weaker commitment.

The issue of whether emissions cuts should be legally binding or voluntary pledges has dogged these talks for at least a decade.

The text seen by the Guardian talked of a "legal instrument applicable to all parties", a phrase understood to be acceptable to the US and the EU, though it is weaker than a "legally binding" commitment. But the text did not contain a deadline for countries to ratify any new agreement, a key concern in the earlier drafts.

EU member states, with a handful of allies including Norway and Switzerland, are the only developed countries prepared to carry on with the Kyoto protocol. The US has always rejected the 1997 pact, and Japan, Canada and Russia have declared they will not take on new emissions targets under the protocol beyond 2012.

From now until 2020, most of the world's governments – including all of the biggest emitters – are covered by their own national emissions-cutting targets, but these are voluntary and not legally binding, in the way the Kyoto protocol is. Many nations are concerned that this is too open to political meddling and allows countries to renege on their commitments – and that could harm the climate. They are pushing for the new post-2020 agreement to be legally binding.

The EU was confident it had the support of more than 120 countries, including major developing economies such as Brazil, South Africa, Argentina, many African countries and the world's least developed economies in pushing the deal through. However, under UN rules, every country must agree the text of any agreement for it to be passed.

The talks are scheduled to resume on Saturday morning, with another day of negotiating in prospect.
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http://www.nownews.com/2011/12/09/327-2765066.htm

溫室效應HOLD不住?京都議定書將到期 

歐美中三強分裂
記者李玲玲/台北報導
2011年12月9日

全球氣候變遷引發國際關注,日前在南非德班所進行的氣候公約諮商談判接近尾聲,由於京都議定書規範的減量承諾期程只到2012年,接下來的溫室氣體減量該 怎麼走下去令人擔心,不過根據環保署代表指出,到現在談判進展有限,美國、歐盟和中國協商立場分成三大派,對後京都機制的立場仍然分歧。

目前國際協商立場大致分為三大派別,分別為傾向不簽署新國際協議的陣營(美國)、支持延續後京都機制的陣營(歐盟),以及須有減量承諾為前提才支持延續的陣營(中國)。

美國認為目前不適合簽署具有法律約束力的國際協議,如果所有主要排放國家不能全部參與溫室氣體減量行動,全球排放量就無法降到必要水準,因此任何法律協議,都須具備適用於所有主要經濟體的同等法律效力。

美國氣候變化特使Todd Stern在7日記者會上表示,美國將堅守在丹麥哥本哈根會議與墨西哥坎昆會議所做的承諾,2020年前減少17%的碳排放量,並指出新的氣候變化機制不能以1992年的全球經濟狀況作為規劃前提。

為了使德班會議能有共識結果產出,Todd認為第一優先要務應執行去(2010)年在坎昆所達成的一套平衡包裹協議,建立新清潔技術中心暨網絡及調適委員 會,同時也要確保綠色氣候基金以專業的態度來作處理,採取步驟循序漸進,建立起因應國際機制的新計畫組織,並提出透明的會計系統指引。

有關2012年後的清潔發展機制(CDM)有效性與存廢問題,歐盟表示不會放棄CDM機制,即使最後各國未達成共識,歐盟也會以發展成歐盟區域間的碳交易市場,維持CDM機制的抵換方式,並以市場機制結合其他氣候能源政策,持續推動低碳經濟。

德國與歐盟也重申遵循京都議定書的承諾,希望京都議定書能夠持續運作,但若僅有歐盟及少數國家的國際承諾,沒有所有主要排放國家的共同參與,仍無法達成控制溫升在攝氏2度C的目標。

另外,德國在大會上宣布設立綠色氣候基金,將以4千萬歐元提供作為開發中國家的初步活動,引起會場上熱烈掌聲與迴響。

原定議程時間到12月9日,但是目前各國在許多議題上,仍然存在不確定性,各國與會代表持續進行磋商談判,希望能產出共識或結論草案,獲得重大進展,不過現在研判,可能無法在原訂時間內妥善解決

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英國衛報 新聞報導 The Guardian







新聞標題: " 氣候會議遇困境 - 因為中國拒絕新條約之提案"



(Climate change conference in trouble as China rejects proposals for new treaty - 星期五 2011-12-9)









Climate change conference in trouble as China rejects proposals for new treaty





By John Vidal and Fiona Harvey

Friday 9 December 2011







he climate change talks in Durban were in trouble on Friday night as China's chief negotiator firmly rejected proposals for a new global treaty on greenhouse gas emissions.



Su Wei said the proposals were unacceptable because they would lead to the end of the Kyoto protocol, the world's only existing treaty stipulating emissions cuts. He told the Guardian: "The G77 [group of more than 100 developing countries] could not take this [proposal] as the basis for discussion. This is killing the Kyoto protocol. They want to finish the Kyoto protocol."



Seyni Nato, spokesman for the Africa group at the talks, said: "We are not happy with the [negotiating] text." He said he too feared the proposals as tabled would mean the end of the Kyoto protocol. However, he acknowledged: "This is only a first draft. We are in for a very long night."



Their words were at odds with the upbeat assessment given by European negotiators, who said the "tempo" of the negotiations had picked up and were moving in the direction of an agreement. They said it was untrue that the G77 had rejected the proposals, and that most developing countries were still in support.



Governments from 194 nations were wrangling into the early hours of the morning over what form any future agreement on global warming should take, and whether poor countries should carry legal obligations to cut their emissions, as well as the rich.



At stake was also the future of the Kyoto protocol, the only legal treaty forcing rich countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions. If the talks collapse, the protocol will be in effect dead after its current provisions expire at the end of next year.



EU member states, with a handful of allies including Norway and Switzerland, are the only developed countries prepared to carry on with the Kyoto protocol. The US has always rejected the 1997 pact, and Japan, Canada and Russia have declared they will not take on new emissions targets under the protocol beyond 2012.



But the EU will only agree to a "second commitment period" covering emissions from 2012, probably until 2020, if other countries sign up to a "roadmap" for a new global agreement, to kick in from 2020.



If the roadmap were accepted, it would mean that all the world's major emitters – both developed and developing countries – would negotiate a new pact in 2015 to cut emissions from 2020 onwards.



From now until 2020, most of the world's governments – including all of the biggest emitters – are covered by their own national emissions-cutting targets. But these are voluntary and not legally binding, in the way the Kyoto protocol is. Although some governments, including the US, are happy to continue with a voluntary system, the EU and many developing nations are concerned that it is too open to political meddling, and allows countries too easily to renege on their commitments – and that could harm the climate. They are pushing for the new post-2020 agreement to be legally binding.



The US is unhappy with agreeing so far in advance that the outcome of years of negotiations should be legally binding, and China has long refused to take on international legally binding commitments while insisting that developed countries should do so, arguing that the rich world bears responsibility for most of the stock of emissions now in the atmosphere.



The EU was confident that it had the support of more than 120 countries, including major developing economies such as Brazil, South Africa, Argentina, many African countries and the world's least developed economies in pushing the deal through. However, under UN rules, every country must agree the text of any agreement for it to be passed.
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低調而悲觀的德班氣候會議
鉅亨網新聞中心  2011-12-08

兩年前,一群來自全球的政要,在媒體和環境活躍分子的鼓噪之下,意氣風發地趕到哥本哈根,立志要達成協議,以拯救據說日益變暖的地球。不過,高調喧嘩之后,什么實質性的東西也沒達成,只留下各國的爭吵和會后互相指責。

去年大家就學乖了,在墨西哥坎昆舉行的聯合國氣候會議上,代表們低調了很多,在那個美麗的海邊城市達成了一些“意向”,把任務留給了今年的德班會議。

今年在南非美麗城市德班舉行的會議,就更加低調了,連媒體也沒有多大的關注。因為大家可能已經意識到,那些與會的政府代表、各類國際組織人員,除了一年幾次參加“氣候旅遊”,實在難以取得什么進展和突破。

這次會議到現在,主要任務有兩個:一是1997年簽署的《京都議定書》在明年12月31日到期,德班會議能否決定發達國家這個議定書的二期承諾;二是去年在坎昆氣候會議上說的富國出資幫助窮國應對變化的“資金承諾”能否落實。

《京都議定書》有一個原則,那就是“共同而有區別的責任”,即形勢弄到今天這個地步,大家都有責任。不過發達國家在歷史上排放量大,而且目前經濟富裕,因 此37個發達國家應該強制減排,而發展中國家則自愿減排。美國因為中印等發展中國家不必強制減排,所以國會沒有批準議定書,一直游離於這個議定書之外。從 去年開始,日本、加拿大和俄羅斯等國也表示,不想再堅持下去。只有歐盟還算是表示原則同意繼續強制減排。

這樣局勢就變成,美國等發達國家說發展中大國也要強制減排,我才可能參加;發展中排放大國(中國印度巴西南非)則表示,共同而有區別的原則是合理的,發達 國家理應強制減排,并出資幫助窮國;歐盟的意思是,發達國家應堅持承諾,發展中國家也不能總是“自愿”。幾方僵持不下,弄得最不發達國家和小島國家(這些 國家因為窮或者海拔低,是氣候災害的最大受害者)心急如焚怨聲載道。

不過中國前天表態,在滿足一定條件前提下,中國可以接受有法律約束力的減排協議。雖然條件沒有新意,但可以談判,可以說是對會議取得突破的積極貢獻。但其實際上各方立場基本不變,所以能否達成協議還是難說。

“資金承諾”,也有兩個部分,一是從明年開始,發達國家籌集300億美元快速啟動資金,給最需要的窮國應對氣候變化;二是啟動綠色氣候基金,從2020年 開始,每年提供1000億美元的資金給窮國。不過從世界經濟形勢以及發達國家目前普遍削減開支的趨勢來看,這筆錢無論來自富國的財政還是私人捐助,都是很 難。

參加這次會議的非洲集團主席托西·帕努姆-帕努姆痛心疾首地說,氣候事務上缺乏全球領袖。他希望發達國家“就如他們在政治上、經濟上和一定程度上軍事上” 一樣,在氣候問題上也發揮領袖作用。然而事關各自短期利益時,好像還沒有誰愿意來當這個領袖,致力於全球長遠事業。

·錢克錦·(媒體人士)


http://newtalk.tw/news_read.php?oid=20288

加拿大宣布退出京都議定書 可避高額罰款

新頭殼newtalk 2011.12.13 孔德廉/綜合報導

加拿大環境部長肯特(Peter Kent)在當地時間12日宣布,加拿大將正式退出《京都議定書》,並且不會繳納碳排放超量的140億加幣(136億美元)罰款。加拿大也成為《京都議定書》簽署以後,第一個退出的國家。

在南非德班大會經歷了14天馬拉松式的會談後,各國終於在關鍵問題上取得共識,順利延長《京都議定書》的第二承諾期,並啟動綠色氣候基金的運作,不過加拿大現任總理哈珀(Stephen Harper)及其保守派政府在會議上始終採否定態度,加拿大也因此宣布正式退出《京都議定書》,成為第一個退出這份協議的國家。

自加拿大在2002年簽署《京都議定書》以來,政府就承諾要將2008年到2012年的國內碳排放量減少到比1990年減少6%的程度,但到目前為止,加國的排碳量不只沒有減少,還增加了30%,因此根據《京都議定書》的規定,加國政府必須支付高達140億加幣(136億美元)的龐大罰款。

對此,加拿大環境部長肯特說,「《京都議定書》的簽署對加拿大而言已經成為過去,因此我們行使我們的合法權利正式退出。」此外,他也表示,加拿大的退出,不僅可以免除這些罰款,對當前經濟面臨困境的加國政府來說,也是一項好消息,所以政府沒有其他選擇。

同時,肯特還提出批評指出,《京都議定書》排除了全球碳排放量最大的美國與中國,因此這並非是一條能使全球解決氣候變遷的前進之道,如果有的話,也是一項障礙。另外,由自由黨領導的加拿大政府在2002年批准加入《京都議定書》的行為是不負責的,因為《京都議定書》並沒有認真採取行動削減溫室氣體排放。

在肯特宣布此項決定之後,加拿大議員隨即指責保守黨的舉動,嚴重損害了加拿大的國際形象。外電報導也指出,加拿大退出《京都議定書》所造成最嚴重的影響,就是將嚴重阻礙下一階段國際減碳框架談判,進而打擊《京都議定書》所推動減少碳排放量的目標,對防止全球氣候暖化的努力產生極大的阻力。

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